28^th International Conference on Clinical Pediatrics April 15-16, 2020 London, UK

Critical care pediatrics involves close and constant attention with special care by a team of specially trained pediatricians. Critical care usually takes place in Intensive Care Unit. Some conditions which may cause during critical condition are severe asthma, severe infection such as pneumonia and serious injuries from accidents. Critically ill children need careful monitoring with special medicine or treatment which can be offered only in PICU- Pediatrics Intensive Care Unit. Having advance directives in place is important to save a life during critical conditions. Emergency medicine is the medical facility concerned with the immediate medical attention. This field equips pediatricians with knowledge and skills required to care patients with urgent healthcare needs.

Neonatology is one of the subspecialty of pediatrics which deals with the medical care of sick or premature new born babes. Few other conditions are low birth weight, birth defects, growth restrictions, sepsis, and birth asphyxia. Neonatology is to be practiced only in Neonatology Intensive Care Units. Neonatology is mostly practiced in United States. Neonatology specialists are highly affiliated and skilled and have all the eligibilities as given by the Certified Board.

Pediatric Oncology/Hematology deals with the treatment of children and teens suffering with blood diseases or cancer. Pediatric Hematologist or Oncologist has all the qualification and experience to treat children from birth to young adulthood. Pediatric hematology or oncology deals with the conditions like cancers including leukemia, neuroblastoma, brain tumors, solid and bone tumors. Blood cell diseases such as disorders of white cells, red blood cells, platelets. Including anemia, sickle cell disease and bleeding disorders. Many oncologists are also equally specialized in hematology.

Pediatrics surgery is one of the subspecialties of surgery which involves the surgery of fetus, infants and children. Many medical conditions in new born babies are incompatible with good quality life unless they are treated surgically. Surgical problems experienced in children are quite different from the adult or general surgeries due to the reason that children are unlike adults, they cannot say what is bothering them. Pediatric surgeons are able to treat children from new born to early adulthood. Pediatric surgeries usually include abnormalities of groin such as hernia, hydrocele, undescended testes, surgical care of tumors, endoscopic procedures, transplantation procedures, serious injuries which require surgeries etc. pediatric oncology, pediatric urology, neonatal surgery are the three subspecialties of pediatric surgery.

Pediatric cardiology is the branch of pediatrics which devoted to diagnose and treat heart problems in children. The term heart problems include several conditions such as structural differences during birth, electrical system which controls the heartbeat, abnormal blood vessels, holes between chambers, valve problems. Heart problems in children can be complex at times and can occur with other complications.

Pediatric Neurology is a specialized branch in medicine which deals with the diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases in new-borns (Neonates), infants, children and adolescents. The topic Pediatric neurology includes all diseases and disorders related to spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, peripheral system, brain, muscles and blood vessels which affect individuals of small age groups. Types of conditions to encounter in pediatric neurology are genetic diseases related to nervous system, childhood epilepsy, febrile seizures, cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, hyper activity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, migraine, head injuries, sleep disorders, intellectual disability etc. following studies are required to diagnose the neurological conditions: electro cortical mapping, EEG, EMG, multiple sleep latency testing, nerve conduction study etc.

Pediatric endocrinology is concerned about the disorders related to the dysfunction of hormones and glands which results in problems of growth, puberty and diabetes. Endocrine glands, such as pituitary gland releases hormones into the bloodstream which decides how a child grows and mature. Pediatric endocrinology deals with hormone disorders at all stages of childhood. Hormones show significant effects on child’s physical activity, emotional well-being and sexual development. Other few conditions are diabetes mellitus, hypoglycemia, growth concerns, amenorrhea, gender dysphoria, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, thyroid disorders, turner syndrome etc. type 1 diabetes in children is also known as juvenile diabetes in which the child’s  body stops producing insulin hormone.

This specialization concerns about the children with infectious, immunological and allergic disorders and deals with acute and chronic presentations of diseases. These infections are interlinked to the immune system. If the child is suffering from allergies, his/her immune system reacts incorrectly to things which are even harmless. Few examples of such infections are thrush, sinusitis, pneumonia and abscesses which keep coming back. General treatment is provided for the following conditions such as asthma, hay fever, atopic dermatitis, chronic cough, vocal cord dysfunction, recurrent infection, eczema, hives, severe reactions to insects, foods and medications etc.

Pediatric dentistry is all about the oral health of children from infancy to early adulthood. The term oral health includes teeth, gums, mouth throughout several stages of childhood. If early dental problems are not cured, they may cause lifetime pain and complications. Services provided by pediatric dentist include fluoride treatment, athletic mouth guards, space maintainers and fillings. Infected baby teeth can damage child’s adult teeth developing below them. Decay free primary teeth are very important to create a healthy environment for child’s permanent teeth which reduces the chance of tooth decay.

Pediatric diagnosis encompasses a broad spectrum which includes examining every aspect of illness in child’s body. Screening should be conducted to diagnose child’s health.

Pediatric nursing is the clinical health care of neonates and children up to the stage of adolescence. The role of pediatric nurse is to conduct procedures and providing medicines according to the prescribed nursing care plans and assessing them continuously. Neonatal nursing is a branch of health care which mainly focuses on nursing newly born babies who were born prematurely, with defects, infections, deformities etc. Pediatric emergency nursing is a branch of pediatric nursing which has fast mobility and quick response in emergency situations such as stabilizing patients with focused care, quickly diagnosing conditions and coming up with on-spot solutions, providing right medicines at the right time.

During the growing years of children from infancy to early stage of adolescence, proper nutrition is very important for child’s future health. Childs diet will not only supports their growth and development but also supports their immune system and several other health supporting systems. It is very important to provide the child with consistent diet with all kinds of nutritional elements in it. In pediatric nutrition the main and important theme is breastfeeding because most of the nutrients are provided to child through breastfeeding. Babies should be fed breast milk especially in the first six months after birth h which is the only way to induce nutrients in such stage to achieve optimal growth, development and health. Breastfeeding protects the child from allergies, infections, obesity, crohn disease and diabetes. Breast milk contains large amounts of lactose content which provides energy source, vitamin E which prevents anemia, cholesterol important for brain growth and omega acids.

It is common for children to have disorders of urinary tract such as kidney, ureters, urethra and bladder. These problems can be small or serious. In case of serious condition, then one should need a specialist in nephrology and urology. Few conditions of nephrology and urology to be diagnosed are abnormalities in urine, bedwetting, acid base disorders, hypertension, acute and chronic kidney failure, high blood pressure, cancer of urinary and genital systems, bladder exstrophy, renal insufficiency, kidney stones, urinary tract infections, torsion of the testicles, inherited kidney diseases and neurogenic bowel. It can also provide pediatric patients with end stage kidney diseases and follow up care after kidney transplantation.

Pediatric radiology is a discipline of diagnostic radiology focused on children, from new born babies to early adulthood. Pediatric radiology employs a wide range of techniques such as X-Rays, Ultra sound, CT, MRI, Nuclear medicine. Pediatric radiology is also involved in imaging fetuses. Common pediatric pathologic conditions which require imaging are leukemia, teratoma, wilm’s tumor, congenital abnormalities, osteosarcoma, meningitis, juvenile arthritis and infant respiratory distress syndrome. It is a very sensitive field due to the reason that children’s body react unlike adult’s body while imaging but these days special imaging equipment has come into existence which are suitable for infants.

Pediatric dermatology is mainly concerned about skin disorders or conditions such as eczema, warts, hemangiomas, cutaneous melanoma, cutaneous lesihmaniasis, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, vitiligo, hives, genetic skin disorders, and ringworm and skin cancer. It also includes few minor surgical procedures such as skin biopsies, surgical removal of skin lesions and laser treatment of vascular birthmarks. Many childhood disorders such as infantile haemangioma blood vessel growths are not seen in adults and common conditions such as psoriasis have unique symptoms in children unlike adults.